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Sunday, August 4, 2013

PEKA Experiment List For Chemistry Form 4 - Structure of Atom


Chapter 2 – The Structure of the Atom
List of PEKA experiments:
  1. Diffusion of particles in a gas, liquid and solid
NumberActivity 2.1
Pg.7
TitleDiffusion of particles in a gas, liquid and solid
AimTo investigate the diffusion of particles in a gas, liquid and solid
Problem StatementHow diffusion does occur through solid, a liquid and gas?
HypothesisParticles can diffuse through the spaces between the particles of a solid, a liquid and the gas.
ApparatusA. Diffusion in a gas
  • Gas jars
  • Gas jar covers
B. Diffusion in a liquid
  • Droppers / Teat pipette
  • Thistle funnel
  • Spatula
C. Diffusion in a solid
  • Stoppers
  • Test tubes
  • Test tube rack
  • Retort stand and clamp
MaterialA. Diffusion in a gas
  • Liquid bromine, Br2
B. Diffusion in a liquid
  • 1 mol dm-3 potassium manganate (VII), KMnO4solution
  • Water
C. Diffusion in a solid
  • Potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 crystal / Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 crystal
  • Hot liquid gel
Variables
  • Manipulated variable: Type of medium
  • Responding variable: Motion of the particles
  • Controlled / Fixed variable: Temperature and pressure
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2. Rate of diffusion depends on the temperature
NumberActivity 2.2
Pg.8
TitleRate of diffusion depends on the temperature
AimTo show that the rate of diffusion depends on the temperature
Problem StatementHow does rate of diffusion depends on the temperature?
HypothesisHigher temperature can increase the rate of diffusion
Apparatus
  • Beakers
  • Droppers
Material
  • Food colouring
  • Water
  • Ice water
  • Hot water
Variables
  • Manipulated variable: Temperature of water
  • Responding variable: Rate of diffusion
  • Controlled / Fixed variable: Concentration and volume of food colouring and pressure
Operational DefinitionHigher temperature in water increases the particles to move faster and increases the rate of diffusion. / Higher temperature in water increases the kinetics energy than lower temperature in water.
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3. Rate of diffusion depends on the mass of the gas particles
NumberActivity 2.3
Pg.9
TitleRate of diffusion depends on the mass of the gas particles
AimTo show that the rate of diffusion depends on the mass of the gas particles
Problem StatementHow does rate of diffusion depends on the mass of the gas particles?
HypothesisLow molecular masses diffuse faster than those with high molecular masses
Apparatus
  • Glass tube
  • Stoppers
  • Retort stand and clamp
  • Beakers
  • Droppers
Material
  • Glass wool
  • Concentrated ammonia, NH3 solution
  • Concentrated hydrochloric acid, HCl
Variables
  • Manipulated variable: Mass of the gas particles
  • Responding variable: Rate of diffusion
  • Controlled / Fixed variable: Temperature and pressure
Operational DefinitionGas with low molecular masses diffuse faster than those with high molecular masses.
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4. Melting and freezing points of naphthalene, C10H8
NumberActivity 2.4
Pg.9
TitleMelting and freezing points of naphthalene, C10H8
AimTo determine the melting and freezing points of naphthalene, C10H8
Problem StatementHow does rate of diffusion depends on the mass of the gas particles?
HypothesisThe temperature of naphthalene, C10H8 increase during heating except at its melting and solidification points
Apparatus
  • Boiling tube
  • 250 cm3 beaker
  • Thermometer (0 – 100˚C)
  • Tripod stand
  • Retort stand and clamp
  • Bunsen burner
  • Stopwatch
  • Conical flask
  • Wire gauze
Material
  • Naphthalene, C10H8
  • Water
Variables
  • Manipulated variable: Heat supplied
  • Responding variable: Temperature
  • Controlled / Fixed variable: Naphthalene, C10H8

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